Martins Paparinskis

The increase in the number and complexity of investor-State treaty arbitrations in the last decade has attracted considerable attention from practitioners and academics of international investment protection law. Rules aimed at regulating the protection of foreign investment have been expressed in a decentralised manner, making a clear and...

Investment protection treaties generally include, in one form or another, the obligation to treat investments fairly and equitably. This book examines the relationship between this obligation and the minimum standard that can be found in customary international law, tracing the history of both concepts, their differences and similarities....

Investment protection treaties generally provide for the obligation to treat investments fairly and equitably, even if the wording of the rule and its relationship with the customary international standard may differ. The open-textured nature of the rule, the ambiguous relationship between the vague treaty and equally vague customary rules, and...